Anti-Chinese sentiment

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Anti-Chinese sentiment (also referred to as Sinophobia) is the fear or dislike of China, Chinese people and/or Chinese culture.^[1][2][3][4] The relative economic success of ethnic Han Chinese minority in South-East Asia has made them the object of envy and even resentment-driven violence.^[5][6] In the western world, fear over the increasing international influence of China has helped drive persistent and selectively negative media coverage of China. This is often aided and abetted by policymakers and politicians.^[7][8]

It is frequently directed at Chinese minorities which live outside China and involves immigration, nationalism, political ideologies, disparity of wealth, the past tributary system of Imperial China, majority-minority relations, imperial legacies, and racism.^{[9][10][11][note 1]}

A variety of popular cultural clichés and negative stereotypes of Chinese people have existed around the world since the twentieth century, and they are frequently conflated with a variety of popular cultural clichés and negative stereotypes of other Asian ethnic groups, known as the Yellow Peril.^[14] Some individuals may harbor prejudice or hatred against Chinese people due to history, racism, modern politics, cultural differences, propaganda, or ingrained stereotypes.^[14][15]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Sinophobia manifested as subtle acts of discrimination, microaggression and stigmatization, ranging from exclusion or shunning, to outright verbal abuse, slurs and name-calling, and even violence.^{[16][17][18][19][20]}

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